Language: Kalinga.

Location: Kalinga subprovince or Kalinga-Apayao, Luzon, Philippines.

Number of Speakers: 91,208 total Kalinga Speakers (1990 Census); Breakdown by language variety: Butbut 4,000, Limos 20,000, Lower Tanudan 11,243, Lubuagan 15,000, Mandukayang 1,500, Southern Kalinga 12,000, Upper Tanudan 3,000, Mabaka Valley Kalinga (no data).

Dialects: Numerous Dialects with varying degrees of intelligibility, e.g. Butbut Kalinga, Limos Kalinga, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Lubuagan Kalinga (subdialects Guinaang Balbalasang, Lubuagan, Banao Itneg, Ableg-Salegseg), Mabaka Valley Kalinga (subdialects: Mabaka Itneg, Kal-uwan), Mandukayang Kalinga, Southern Kalinga (subdialects: Sumadel-Tinglayan Kalinga, Malango, Bangad), and Upper Tanudan Kalinga. This sketch portrays Limos (Linimos) Kalinga, spoken by 20,000 people living in ten villages in the municipality of Pinokpok along the lower Saltan River.

Related Languages: Kalinga is in the Central Cordilleran subgroup of Philippine languages, coordinate with Itneg; both coordinate with Bontoc, Balangao, Ifugao and Kankanay, and all coordinate with Isinay. Central Cordilleran languages are coordinate with the Southern Cordilleran languages of Kallahan, Ibaloi, Pangasinan, and Ilongot.

This sketch is based on Ferreirinho (1993), surveying the Limos Kalinga dialect.

Phonology

Consonants:
p t k
b d g
m n ng
s, l, w, y ‘ (glottal stop)
Vowels: i, e, a, o, u

Morphology

Non-personal Determiners and Demonstrative Adjectives
 

SUBJECT
Reference	Deixis	Number
		Singular / lg	Plural / lg
Exocentric	Distant	dit	dadit
Endocentric	Near speaker Near hearer Distant	tu / -n nat di / -n	datu / -n danat dadi /-n
Dem. Adjective	Near speaker Near hearer Distant	tu / -wa nat / -a di / -ya	datu / -wa danat / -a dadi / -ya
GENITIVE
Non-specific		C- (di) V- -n (di)
Reference	Deixis	Number
		Singular / lg	Plural / lg
Exocentric	Distant C- V-	(di)dit -n (di)dit	da(di)dit -n da(di)dit
Endocentric	Near speaker C- V- Near hearer C- V- Distant C- V-	(di)tu / -n -n (di)tu / -n (di)nat -n (di)nat (di)di / -n -n (di)di / -n	da(di)tu / -n -n da(di)tu / -n da(di)nat -n da(di)nat da(di)di / -n -n da(di)di / -n
Demonstrative Adjective	Near Speaker C- V- Near hearer C- V- Distant C- V-	(di)tu / -wa -n (di)tu / -wa (di)nat / -a -n (di)nat / -a (di)di / -ya -n (di)di / -ya	da(di)tu / -wa -n da(di)tu / -wa da(di)nat / -a -n da(di)nat / -a da(di)di / -ya -n da(di)di / -ya
OBLIQUE
Non-specific	C- V-	si ut
Reference	Deixis	Number
		Singular / lg	Plural / lg
Exocentric	Distant C- V-	si(di)t (u)tdit	sida(di)t (u)tda(di)t
Endocentric	Near Speaker C- V- Near hearer C- V- Distant C- V-	situ / -n (u)ttu / -wa sinat / -a (u)tnat / -a sidi / -ya (u)tdi / -ya	sidatu / -n (u)tdatu / -n sidanat (u)tdanat sidadi / -n (u)tdadi / -n
Demonstrative Adjective	Near Speaker C- V- Near hearer C- V- Distant C- V-	situ / -wa (u)ttu / -wa sinat / -a (u)tnat / -a sidi / -ya (u)tda / 0ya	sidatu / -wa (u)ttu / -wa sidanat / -a (u)tnat / -a sidadi / -ya (u)tdadi / -ya
TOPIC
Reference	Deixis	Number
		Singular / lg	Plural / lg
Exocentric	Distant	sa(di)t	sada(di)t
Endocentric	Near Speaker Near Hearer Distant	satu / -n sanat sa(di) / - n	sadatu / -n sadanat sada(di) / -n
Demonstrative Adjective	Near Speaker Near Heaer Distant	satu / -wa sanat / -a sadi / -ya	sadatu / -wa sadanat / -a sadadi / -ya

Case Marking Particles
 

	Subject	Genitive	Oblique	Locative	TP
Common	-	-n/0 (di)	si/ut	(u)d/0	sa
Personal	si/-t	-n/0 (ud)	kan	-	si

Pronouns
 

CASE		NOMINATIVE		GENITIVE	OBLIQUE
Number	Person	Full	Minimal
Singular	1 2 3	sakon sika siya	-ak -ka 0	-ku -nu -na	kan sakon kan sika kan siya
Plural	1 DUAL 1 EXCL 1 INC 2 3	dita ditaku dikami dikayu dida	-ta -taku -kami -kayu -da	-ta -taku -mi -yu -da	kan dita kan ditaku kan dikami kan dikayu kan dida
Case Markers
Personal Non-pers.		si 0		-n/0 (ud) -n/0 (di)	kan si/ut

 

Adjectival Morphology:

From bolang ‘hard’ > na-bolang ‘hard’, nangka-bolang ‘hard (dual/trial number)’, na-bo-bolang ‘hard (plural number)’, na-bola-bolang ‘hard (intensive)’, na-bol-bolang-an ‘not as hard as (comparative of inequality)’, ka-bolang-an ‘hardest (superlative)’.

Verbal Morphology:
 

		Actor			Goal
Mode	Role >	Actor			Patient	Locative	Theme	Benefactive
Active	Aspect	Durative	Limited	Partitive
	Imperf Perf	man- nan-	maN- naN-	-um- -umm-	-on -in-	-an -in- -an	i- in-	i- -an in- -an
Inactive	Imperf Perf	maka- naka-			ma- na-	ma- -an na- -an	mai- nai-	mai- -an nai- -an
Assoc.	Imperf Perf	maka- naka-			man- -on nan- -on Person	man- -an nan- -an Place	mangi- nangi- Thing

Other verbal affixes: -inn- (Reciprocal), CV- (Reciprocal), maka-C-CVCV- ‘keep on Ving (maka-d-dawa-dawak ‘keep on performing curing ceremony’), aginCV- ‘pretend to V’, pa- ‘causative’, gaC- - an ‘non-agentive causative’.

Existentials:

awad ‘there is’, maid, naid ‘there is not, none’, antu ‘here is’, annat ‘there is (medial)’, andi ‘there is (distal)’.

Sentences (Limos Kalinga):

1. Napiya ta antud iyugku, kanan Kutu. Good, because I have a coconut here, said Kutu.
2. Awad ulog sidin boloymi. There is a snake in our house.
3. Mangkiwasak si palatu un inalgaw. I wash plates daily.
4. Laweng din mangkakanglitna. His penmanship is bad.
5. Makakkanglikanglit. He keeps on writing.
6. Ngandan din bagbagaon? What are (they) talking about?
7. Mandatdatongdat bigat dat tagu. The people will gather tomorrow.
8. Adim dongdonglon nat kananda. Do not listen to what they are saying.
9. Kotkotom nat isna ot asim lumtunon. Chew the rice and then swallow it.
10. Dukdukdukon danat kolang nat bagisnu nu nabitilka. The worms poke in your intestine when you are hungry.
11. Lenalenadom nat bokam dalapnu mampangtad. Level your excavation so that it will be even.
12. Nangwada si bawida ut kummampuwandan nasuyop. They made their shelter for their camping place, to sleep.
13. Inyagaasna kan siya. He whispered it to her.
14. Mangulbulkat kanon din masakit. Cook soft the food of a sick person.

Bibliography:

Brainard, Sherri, compiler. 1985. Upper Tanudan Kalinga texts. Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 1. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ix, 126 p.

Carress, Evelyn L. 1998. "Utterance verbs in Limos Kalinga." In Sherri Brainard (ed.), Localist case grammar and Philippine Verbs , 10-16. Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Special Monograph Issue, 45. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

Ferreirinho, Naomi. 1993. Selected Topics in the Grammar of Limos, Kalinga, Philippines. Canberra: Australian National University, Pacific Linguistics B-109.

Gieser, C. Richard. 1958. "The phonemes of Kalinga." In Studies in Philippine linguistics, 10-23. Oceania Linguistic Monographs, 3. Sydney: University of Sydney.

Gieser, C. Richard. 1960. A grammatical sketch of Kalinga. M.A. thesis. Cornell University. vii, 92 p.

Gieser, C. Richard. 1970. "The morphophonemic system of Guininaang (Kalinga)." Philippine Journal of Linguistics 1(2): 52-68.

Gieser, C. Richard. 1972a. Kalinga Sequential Discourse. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3:1:15-33.

Gieser, C. Richard. 1972b. "Phonemic and morphemic efficiency in Kalinga." Phonetica 25: 216-46.

Gieser, C. Richard, compiler. 1987. Guinaang Kalinga texts. Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 4. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics. xi, 128 p.

Gieser, Ruth and Joseph E. Grimes. 1972. "Natural clusters in Kalinga disease terms." Asian Studies 10: 24-32.

Grayden, Bruce. 1978. "Southern Kalinga [language text]." In Evan L. Antworth (ed.), Folktale texts , 13-23. Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2(2). Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Grayden, Bruce. 1979. "The Southern Kalinga /1/." Pacific Linguistics A 50: 91-100.

Labaro, Bel and Kiyoko Torakawa. 1981. Limos Kalinga language learning lessons. MS, Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Hale, Austin and C. Richard Gieser. 1977. "Approaches to an explanatory discourse in Guinaang Kalinga." Studies in Philippine Linguistics 1(1): 133-47.

Healey, Alan, editor. 1958. Studies in Philippine linguistics by members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Pacific branch). Oceania Linguistic Monographs, 3. Sydney: University of Sydney. iii, 82 p.

Thomas, Neville. nd. Tanudan Kalinga Dictionary. MS, Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Wiens, Hartmut. 1976. Phonological features of Limos Kalinga, with comments on affected speech. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 7:1:38-47.

Wiens, Hartmut. 1978. Focus shift and tense shift: Highlighting and conflict in Limos Kalinga. Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2:1:103-114.

Wiens, Hartmut. 1979. The semantic function of focus affixes in Limos Kalinga. Papers in Philippine Linguistics No. 9, Pacific Linguistics (Canberra) A-50:19-47.

Wiens, Hartmut. 1986. Please be specific: A functional description of noun-marking particles in Limos Kalinga. In G. Huttar and K. Gregerson, eds. Pragmatics in non-western perspective, 85-97. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Wiens, Hartmut. 1990. "A stratificational perspective on the discourse structure of Limos Kalinga." Studies in Philippine Linguistics 8(1): 1-51.

Wiens, Hartmut. 1995. "Kalinga (Linimos): introduction and wordlist." In Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies, part 1: fascicle 1 , 329-34. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation, 10. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Wiens, Hartmut. nd. Limos Kalinga Dictionary. MS, Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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Zamora, Neri and E. Lou Hohulin, compilers. 1995. A topical vocabulary: English,

Filipino, Ilocano, and Lubuagan Kalinga. Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics. x, 129 p.